ABSTRACT
Objective. To describe food expenditure and consumption of foods prepared away from home among Mexican adults. Materials and methods. Data were from 45 241 adult participants in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006, a nationally-representative, cross-sectional survey of Mexican households. Descriptive statistics and multivariable linear and logistic regression were used to assess the relationship between location of residence, educational attainment, socioeconomic status and the following: 1) expenditure on all food and at restaurants, and 2) frequency of consumption of comida corrida or restaurant food and street food. Results. Food expenditure and consumption of food prepared away from home were positively associated with socioeconomic status, educational attainment, and urban vs. rural residence (p<0.001 for all relationships in bivariate analyses). Conclusions. Consumption of food prepared outside home may be an important part of the diet among urban Mexican adults and those with high socioeconomic status and educational attainment.
Objetivo. Describir los gastos en alimentos y el consumo de alimentos preparados fuera de casa en población mexicana. Material y métodos. Los datos fueron de 45 241 adultos mexicanos en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de 2006, representativa al nivel nacional. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas y regresión linear y logística para estimar la relación entre el lugar de residencia, el nivel educativo y el nivel socioeconómico, con el gasto en todos los alimentos y en restaurantes, y con la frecuencia de consumo de comida corrida, en restaurantes y de la calle. Resultados. El gasto en alimentos y el consumo de alimentos preparados se asociaron positivamente con el nivel socioeconómico, el nivel educativo y la residencia rural (p<0,001 para todas las relaciones). Conclusiones. El consumo de alimentos preparados puede ser una parte importante de la dieta de los adultos urbanos y de aquéllos con altos niveles socioeconómicos y educativos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cricetinae , Female , Humans , Male , Mice , G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels/chemistry , Neurodegenerative Diseases/pathology , Spinal Cord/metabolism , Tyrosine/chemistry , DNA , Anisomycin/chemistry , Antibodies/chemistry , Behavior , Blotting, Western , CHO Cells , Cell Line , Cell Line, Tumor , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Electrophysiology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels/physiology , GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Heart Atria/metabolism , Heart Ventricles/cytology , Heart Ventricles/pathology , Immunoblotting , Immunohistochemistry , Inflammation , Microscopy, Confocal , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Muscle Cells/metabolism , Neurons/metabolism , Phosphorylation , Plasmids/metabolism , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Sciatic Nerve/metabolism , Spinal Cord/pathology , Stress, Physiological , Xenopus laevisABSTRACT
La Artritis Reumatoide (AR) es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica y multisistémica de etiología desconocida, que afecta principalmente las articulaciones periféricas. Su diagnóstico desde el laboratorio se ha limitado al empleo del Factor Reumoatoide (FR) como único marcador considerado por le Colegio Americano de Reumatología (CAR) entre sus criterios de detección para la enfermedad, conociendo su relativa sensibilidad y baja especificidad, surgió el propósito de hallar un marcador seológico con sensibilidad y especificidad suficiente capaz de contribuir al diagnóstico de la AR. Para dar cumplimiento con el objetivo general, se llevó a cabo la evaluación de los ensayos de anticuerpos anti-péptidos cíclicos citrulinados de segunda generación a través de dos metodologías (anti-CCP2, ELISA el Inmunofluorometría-enzimática) y anti-vimentina mutada citrulinada (anti-MCV, ELISA) y su correlación posterior con el FR y anticuerpos anti-nucleares (AAN), por lo cual, se seleccionaron 59 pacientes con AR y 29 pacientes con otras enfermedades autoinmunes. observándose que el ensayo anti-MCV (ELISA) presentó mayor sensibilidad diagnóstica, en tanto que el anti-CCP2 (ELISA) reflejó mayor especificidad, sin embargo, se obtuvo mejor correlación y concordancia entre los ensayos anti CCP2 (Inmunofluorometría-enzimática) y anti-MCV (ELISA). Así mismo se obtuvo moderada concordancia entre el FR y el anti-CCP2 (ELISA) y, entre los AAN y el anti-CCP2 (ELISA). Concluyendo que el anti-MCV (ELISA) presentó un mejor comportamiento para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad, sin dejar en consideración que el anti-CCP2 a través de sus dos metodologías también puede ser utilizado por el Reumatológo en la evaluación del paciente con AR.
The rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic multisystemic inlfammatory disease of unknown etiology that principally effects the peripheral articulations. It's diagnose from the laboratory has been limited to the emplyment of the rheumatoid factor (RF) as the only marker considerate by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) between there criteria for the disease detection. Knowing its relative sensibility and low specificity, we proposed to find a serologic marker wih adequate sensibility and specificity to contribute in the diagnosis of RA. To perform the general objective, we evaluated the assays of cyclic citruliated anti-peptide antibodies of second generation by two methodologies (anti-CCP2, ELISA and Enzymatic Immunofuorometry) and muted anti-vimetin citrulinated (anti-MCV, ELISA) and it's correlation with the RF and anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA). There were selected 59 patients with RA and 29 patients with other autoimmune disease. We observed that the anti-MCV (ELISA) assay presented mayor diagnostic sensibility, while the anti-CCP2 (ELISA) reflected mayor specificity. But with he (anti-CCP2, ELISA and Enzimatic Inmunofluoremetry) and anti-MCV (ELISA) we obtained better correlations and concodance. We also obtained moderate concordante between FR and anti-CCP2, (Elisa), and between ANA and anti-CCP2 (ELISA). Concluding that the anti-MCV (ELISA) presented a better behavior for the diagnosis of the disease, without considerating that the anti-CCP2 by it's both methodologies can be utilized by the Rheumatologist for the evaluation of the patient with RA.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Antibodies/analysis , Antibodies/chemistry , Antibodies/blood , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/etiology , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood , Biomarkers/analysis , Biomarkers/blood , Biological Assay , Blood Chemical Analysis , Hematology , Peptides/bloodABSTRACT
The polyclonal antibodies against VLDL receptor were prepared and identified. Rabbits were immunized with polypeptide fragment of VLDL receptor as antigen. The collected blood serum of the immunized rabbits was analyzed and identified by using ELISA and Western Blot. The results showed that the rabbit against mouse and human VLDL receptor antibodies were obtained with high titer and could recognize the natural VLDL receptors through Western blot. The prepared polyclonal antibodies against VLDL receptor provide a new tool to study the protein of VLDL receptor.
Subject(s)
Antibodies/chemistry , Antibodies/immunology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Peptides/immunology , Receptors, LDL/immunologyABSTRACT
Diversas subunidades dos receptores de glutamato têm sido clonadas e seqüenciadas nos últimos anos, e diversos anticorpos e sondas de ácidos nucléicos agora estäo disponíveis para estudos de sua distribuiçäo e expressäo gênica, entre outros. Neste trabalho utilizamos anticorpos e sondas de RNA contra subunidades dos GluRs do tipo AMPA para estudar sua distribuiçäo no sistema visual, e verificar os possíveis efeitos de lesöes retinianas sobre a expressäo das subunidades presentes no tecto óptico de pintos. Anticorpos contra as subunidades GluR1, GluR2/3 e GluR4 foram empregados com técnicas imuno-histoquímicas para revelar sua distribuiçäo no sistema visual de pintos. As subunidades GluR1, GluR2/3 e GluR4 foram encontradas em áreas retinorrecipientes, com graus variados de co-localizaçäo. Os efeitos das lesöes retinianas sobre a expressäo das subunidades nos tectos ópticos de pintos foram investigados pelos métodos imuno-histoquímicos, ®Western blot¼ e hibridaçäo ®in situ¼. Os dois primeiros métodos revelaram uma diminuiçäo da expressäo das subunidades GluR1 e GluR2/3 nos tectos desaferentados quando comparados aos tectos controles, após 2 dias de sobrevida da lesäo, e um aumento dessas subunidades no tecto óptico desaferentado, decorridos 7 dias da lesäo. Passados 15 dias de sobrevida da lesäo retiniana, os tectos ópticos desaferentados apresentaram um aumento da expressäo da subunidade GluR1 e uma diminuiçäo das subunidades GluR2/3 quando comparado ao tecto controle. Apesar dessas mudanças observadas na expressäo dessas proteínas, os nossos achados de hibridaçäo ®in situ¼ näo revelaram mudanças na expressäo dos mRNAs das subunidades GluR1 e GluR2/3 nos tectos desaferentados. Os nossos resultados de distribuiçäo das subunidades GluR1, GluR2/3 e GluR4 parecem sugerir que diferentes populaçöes de neurônios visuais podem expressar diferentes combinaçöes de subunidades dos GluRs, podendo, portanto, os receptores de glutamato do tipo AMPA presentes nessas regiöes terem propriedades particulares em funçäo do tipo de subunidade que compöe os complexos receptores. Os efeitos observados das lesöes retinianas parecem indicar que essas lesöes podem induzir uma ®down-regulation¼ das subunidades GluR1 e GluR2/3 após curtos períodos de sobrevida e uma ®up-regulation¼ dessas mesmas subunidades após 7 dias de sobrevida da lesäo. Estes efeitos provavelmente se devem à remoçäo das aferências glutamatérgicas originadas nas células ganglionares da retina
Subject(s)
Animals , Antibodies/chemistry , Neurotransmitter Agents , Receptors, AMPA/analysis , Retina/pathology , Blotting, WesternABSTRACT
The adjuvant of several immunostimulant molecules on the murine antibody response to Bothrops asper snake venom were evaluated. Mice receiving venom together with either sodium alginate, calcium alginate, aluminum hydroxide, muramyl dipeptide, killed Brucella abortus or B. abortus smooth lipopolysaccharide developed a similar antibody response. Despite the fact that in some cases animals injected with venom and Salmonella montevideo lipopolysaccharide developed a significantly higher antibody titer when compared to other experimental groups, no statistically significant differences were observed in most of the comparisons.